The helical coordinate |
A nontrivial 2-dimensional convolution stencil is:
wrap-four
Figure 3. Illustration of 2-D deconvolution. Left is the input. Right is after deconvolution with the filter (5) as preformed by by module polydiv |
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The filtering in Figure 3 ran along a helix from left to right. Figure 4 shows a second filtering running from right to left. Filtering in the reverse direction is the adjoint. After deconvolving both ways, we have accomplished a symmetrical smoothing. The final frame undoes the smoothing to bring us exactly back to where we started. The smoothing was done with two passes of deconvolution, and it is undone by two passes of convolution. No errors, and no evidence remains at any of the boundaries where we have wrapped and truncated.
back-four
Figure 4. Recursive filtering backward (leftward on the space axis) is done by the adjoint of 2-D deconvolution. Here we see that 2-D deconvolution compounded with its adjoint is exactly inverted by 2-D convolution and its adjoint. |
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Chapter explains the important practical role to be played by a multidimensional operator for which we know the exact inverse. Other than multidimensional Fourier transformation, transforms based on polynomial multiplication and division on a helix are the only known easily invertible linear operators.
In seismology we often have occasion to steer summation along beams. Such an impulse response is shown in Figure 5.
dip
Figure 5. Useful for directional smoothing is a simulated dipping seismic arrival, made by combining a simple low-order 2-D filter with its adjoint. |
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Of special interest are filters that destroy plane waves. The inverse of such a filter creates plane waves. Such filters are like wave equations. A filter that creates two plane waves is illustrated in figure 6.
wrap-waves
Figure 6. A simple low-order 2-D filter with inverse containing plane waves of two different dips. One is spatially aliased. |
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The helical coordinate |