Imaging overturning reflections by Riemannian Wavefield Extrapolation |
Assume that we describe the physical space in Cartesian coordinates , and , and that we describe a Riemannian coordinate system using coordinates , and related through a generic mapping
Following the derivation of Sava and Fomel (2005), the acoustic wave-equation in Riemannian coordinates can be written as:
The acoustic wave-equation in Riemannian coordinates 5 ignores the influence of first order terms present in a more general acoustic wave-equation in Riemannian coordinates. This approximation is justified by the fact that, according to the theory of characteristics for second-order hyperbolic equations (Courant and Hilbert, 1989), the first-order terms affect only the amplitude of the propagating waves.
From equation 5 we can derive a dispersion relation of the acoustic wave-equation in Riemannian coordinates
Extrapolation using equation 7 implies that the coefficients defining the medium and coordinate system are not changing spatially. In this case, we ca perform extrapolation using a simple phase-shift operation
(8) |
For media with variability of the coefficients due to either velocity variation or focusing/defocusing of the coordinate system, we cannot use in extrapolation the wavenumber computed directly using equation 7. Like for the case of extrapolation in Cartesian coordinates, we can approximate the wavenumber using series expansions relative to coefficients present in the dispersion relation 7. Such approximations can be implemented in the space-domain, in the Fourier domain or in mixed space-Fourier domains (Sava and Fomel, 2007).
Imaging overturning reflections by Riemannian Wavefield Extrapolation |